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Table 1 SPECTRUM applied to real-world mobile crowdsensing applications

From: Adopting incentive mechanisms for large-scale participation in mobile crowdsensing: from literature review to a conceptual framework

Mobile crowdsensing application

Socioeconomic factors

Privacy

Effort

Commercial-interest

Term

Requirements

Usefulness

Money

Type of incentive adopted

Will participants’ social or economic needs be met?

Is there high privacy risk?

Is the effort required generally considered to be high, low, moderate?

Is there a business interest or motive to profit financially?

Is the term long, short, or seasonal?

Is there a strict requirement in terms of data quality, quantity, or area coverage?

How beneficial is the collected data to the general public?

How well is money or other available resources a limiting factor?

BudBurst Mobile [109]

Yes, social interactions with other users

Moderate

High

No

Seasonal

Area coverage

Understanding the effects of global climate change

Not discussed; implied

Gamification i.e. floracaching game; altruistic contribution to scientific knowledge of plant’s life cycle

Waze [110]

Yes, social needs are met through gaming entertainment; economic through time and gas money savings in traffic

High

Low

Yes

Long term

No

Helping citizens save time and gas money on their daily commute through road traffic

Not discussed; implied

Gamification; other social incentives such as increased reputation in community, savings on fuel when commuting

NoiseMap [111]

Yes, need for a serene urban environment; social interactions with other users

Moderate

Moderate

No

Long term

Quality and quantity

Monitoring of urban noise pollution

Not discussed; implied

Social i.e. ranking of participants according to contributions

NoiseTube [112]

Yes, need for a serene urban environment

Moderate

Moderate

No

Long term

No

Monitoring of urban noise pollution

Not discussed; implied

Social i.e. altruistic contribution to local environment

NoiseSPY [113]

Yes, need for a serene urban environment

Moderate

Moderate

No

Long term

No

Monitoring of urban noise pollution

Not discussed; implied

Social i.e. altruistic contribution to local environment

Crowdsignal and Algosnap [114]

Yes, economic reward

Low–High

Low–High

Yes

Short–long term

Quality, quantity and area coverage

Data for academic research

Reward is based on budget and task

Monetary

Premise [115]

Yes, economic reward

Low–High

Low–High

Yes

Short–long term

Quality, quantity and area coverage

Data used by private companies and partners

Reward is based on budget and task

Monetary

GasMobile [116]

Yes, need for cleaner city

Moderate

Low

No

Long term

Quality

Monitoring of urban air pollution

Not discussed; implied

Service i.e. Information feedback

Ikarus [117]

Yes, through paragliding sport.

No

Moderate

No

Long term

Not a necessity

Sensed data is used to create thermal map for the paragliding community

Not discussed; implied

Social i.e. increased reputation in the paragliding community

LiveCompare [118]

Yes, grocery shoppers save money on purchase

Moderate

Moderate

No

Long term

No

Only participating grocery shoppers save money on purchase

Not discussed; implied

Service i.e. grocery bargain hunting