Table 1 Design factors for enthusiastic and neutral agent

Facial expression

Constantly smiling, expressive facial movements, and eyes that open wide and “light up” when delivering lesson

Calm and neutral when delivering lesson

Gesture

High level of animated head movement; constantly nodding

Low level of animated head movement; no nodding

Voice

Enthusiastic voice, fast tempo, large dynamic pitch variation, pitch contour up

Calm and pleasant voice, moderate tempo, low pitch level, small pitch variations (i.e., newsreader presenter style)

Dialogue

Additional remarks such as “I love programming” and “this is an interesting topic”

No additional remarks