Table 4 Summary of results

Positive emotion

Positive affect score (PAS)*

M = 28.6, SD = 10.5

M = 34.5, SD = 9.9

Intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation scores**

M = 23.0, SD = 8.9

M = 29.1, SD = 9.4

Perception of multimedia learning environment

The environment is enjoyable**

M = 2.6, SD = 1.1

M = 3.5, SD = 1.4

Willingness to return**

M = 2.5, SD = 1.6

M = 3.5, SD = 1.4

Total perception**

M = 5.1, SD = 2.5

M = 7.0, SD = 2.5

Perception of virtual agent

Likability

M = 3.1, SD = 1.5 

M = 3.6, SD = 1.2 

Knowledgeable

M = 4.1, SD = 1.7 

M = 4.3, SD = 1.3 

Friendliness*

M = 3.3, SD = 1.8 

M = 4.2, SD = 1.2 

Credibility

M = 3.7, SD = 1.9 

M = 4.3, SD = 1.2 

Willingness to learn again*

M = 2.9, SD = 1.5 

M = 3.8, SD = 1.4 

Total Perception*

M = 17.0, SD = 7.1

M = 10.2, SD = 4.9

Extraneous cognitive load

Perceived task difficulty

M = 3.8, SD = 1.8

M = 3.6, SD = 1.5

Cognitive outcome

Post-test scores*

M = 3.7, SD = 3.4

M = 5.8, SD = 3.4