Table 1 Simulation parameters

Network size (R)

200*200 m

The coordinates of BS (base station)

(100, 100)

Number of nodes (N)

200

Packet length (l)

2000 bits

Initial energy (\(E_{0}\))

0.5 J

Energy consumption on circuit (\(E_{elec}\))

50 nJ/bit

Free-space channel parameter (\(\varepsilon_{fs}\))

10 pJ/bit/m \(^{2}\)

Multi-path channel parameter (\(\varepsilon_{mp}\))

0.0013 pJ/bit/m \(^{4}\)

Distance threshold (\(d_{0}\))

\(\sqrt {\varepsilon_{fs} /\varepsilon_{mp} }\) = 87.7 m

Benchmark competition radius (\(R_{bc}\))

90 m

Number of MA (mobile agent)

1