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Table 1 Comparisons of signal propagation model and location fingerprinting method

From: Wi-Fi indoor positioning and navigation: a cloudlet-based cloud computing approach

 

Signal propagation mode

Location fingerprinting method

Technique

RSS [2, 21], ToA [22,23,24], TDoA [25], AoA [26, 27], AoD [28]

Fingerprinting [29]

Measurements

Signal strength, angles

Fingerprint database

Accuracy

Medium

High

Time cost

Low

High

Distance

Low

Medium

Algorithm

Deterministic

Deterministic and probabilistic

Specification

Time based

Range based

Advantages

Additional special-purpose hardware is not required

Acceptable cost and accessibility

Addresses some of the problems related to non-line-of-sight and multipath propagation [29]

Does not require exact locations of access points [30]

Disadvantages

More difficult regarding synchronization of receiver/transmitter-side times and accuracy of short-range flight time measurements

For angle calculation, complex hardware is required to determine the angle of arrival

Poor positioning accuracy in real-world indoor environments because of a complex accurate propagation model [30, 31]

Multipath is an issue with signal propagation

Time-consuming and laborious

Accurate fingerprint data depends on the autonomic construction of a fingerprint database

When real-world indoor environments change significantly, the fingerprint database has to be rebuilt [29]