From: Wi-Fi indoor positioning and navigation: a cloudlet-based cloud computing approach
 | Signal propagation mode | Location fingerprinting method |
---|---|---|
Technique | RSS [2, 21], ToA [22,23,24], TDoA [25], AoA [26, 27], AoD [28] | Fingerprinting [29] |
Measurements | Signal strength, angles | Fingerprint database |
Accuracy | Medium | High |
Time cost | Low | High |
Distance | Low | Medium |
Algorithm | Deterministic | Deterministic and probabilistic |
Specification | Time based | Range based |
Advantages | Additional special-purpose hardware is not required Acceptable cost and accessibility | Addresses some of the problems related to non-line-of-sight and multipath propagation [29] Does not require exact locations of access points [30] |
Disadvantages | More difficult regarding synchronization of receiver/transmitter-side times and accuracy of short-range flight time measurements For angle calculation, complex hardware is required to determine the angle of arrival Poor positioning accuracy in real-world indoor environments because of a complex accurate propagation model [30, 31] Multipath is an issue with signal propagation | Time-consuming and laborious Accurate fingerprint data depends on the autonomic construction of a fingerprint database When real-world indoor environments change significantly, the fingerprint database has to be rebuilt [29] |