Table 1 A critical analyses of different techniques proposed for B5G/6G systems

Quantum Communication (QC) and QML [72, 75]

Faster

High-performance processing Power

Costly

Complex

Drug industry

Radar industry

Mathematics

D-Wave Systems Inc.

IBM Corporation

Intel Corporation

Cambridge Quantum Computing Limited

Blockchain [61, 77, 78, 80]

Distributed

Stability

Integrity

Immutability

Traceability

Inefficient

High storage

Privacy concerns

Decentralize

Supply-chain

Voting

Healthcare

Security

Digital identity

IBM

Alibaba Group (China)

Fujitsu  (Japan)

Mastercard

ING Groep (Dutch banking firm)

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)s [55, 56]

Low complexity

Power efficient

Low cost

Difficulty in phase configuration

Comm. and Defense industry

- World-wide

Tactile Internet and Haptics [35, 84, 85]

Online gaming

Revolutionize the life of disabled peoples

Noise

Less energy efficient

Costly

Mining

Automation

Online gaming

VR and AR

TU of Dresden in Germany

Kings College London

Ericsson and Microsoft

Ultrahaptics UK

Access Technologies [40, 43,44,45]

Improved network efficiency

Economic Loss due to replacement of existing equipment

Variable use cases

World-wide

New Spectrum -mmWaves

THz

VLC [47,48,49,50,51,52]

Higher bandwidth availability

Low penetration power

Variable use cases

World-wide

Internet-of-Everything (IoE) [66, 68, 110]

Low latency

Higher data rates

Low energy efficiency

Variable use cases

Worldwide