s-ITSF: a service based intelligent transportation system framework for smart accident management

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)

VANET is one of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and ad hoc network formed by vehicles equipped wireless communication technology. In VANET, each vehicle as a communication node and may exchange the information through the communication between vehicles or among road side units (RSUs) [2]. As the vehicles rapidly increase and wireless communication technology develops, VANET related researches have been actively carried out. VANET, a special type of MANET, performs multi-hop communication among nodes without infrastructure which but it accompanied frequent topology variation and network suspension due to high mobility of vehicles. In order to solve the problems, a protocol suitable to the situation based on efficient VANET between vehicles and RSUs will be used to provide more effective accident management service [3]. Each vehicle acts as a transmitter and receiver and delivers the information to near vehicles, competent authority and data center through RSUs when an accident takes place.

Vinh Hoa LA presented a survey of VANETs attacks and solutions in carefully considering other similar works as well as updating new attacks and categorizing them into different classes [4]. And also J. Li put forward a new routing protocol called VDLA, which is aimed at finding an optimal route that can reduce transmission delay and hop count and achieve a high packet delivery rate at the same time. VDLA adopts a junction-based geographic routing approach. VDLA incorporates the traffic density information, the distance to the destination, and the network traffic load when select the next intersection [5]. Finally, Mohamed Hamdi presented the communication architecture of VANETs and outlines the privacy and security challenges that need to be overcome to make such networks safety usable in practice. It identified all existing security problems in VANETs and classifies them from a cryptographic point of view. It regrouped, studied and compared also the various cryptographic schemes that have been separately suggested for VANETs, evaluates the efficiency of proposed solutions and explores some future trends that will shape the research in cryptographic protocols for intelligent transportation systems [6].

The existing researches

Alvert et al. proposed decision support system (DSS) which detects an accident that may occur in the tunnel. This is a system which provides an operator that treats the system in real time based on a certain method through SOS such as automatic incident detection (AID), CCTV or fire detection system when an emergency takes place in the tunnel. It forecasts an urgent situation to occur in the tunnel and provides the information for a fire, number of the wounded, vehicles locked in the tunnel to advise the seriousness of the accident. In addition, when it is necessary, it also provides the information obtained from the accident such as number of lanes of the tunnel, CC cameras, length and width of the tunnel and other provability data including possibility of the injured and serious injured through the system integrating accident model, evacuation model and decision model [7].

Ni et al. proposed Cyber-Physical Solution which provides distributed processing using connected vehicle technology (CVtech) in order to mitigate the problem of safety and efficiency of the traffic system. Since the current traffic system decides next act and controls the vehicle through monitoring surroundings of the road by driver, it solely relies the path selection on the driver. Most of the accidents take place due to wrong decision of the drivers. Thus, the communication among vehicles (V–V), Roadside infrastructures (VR), and Personal communication devices (VP) will be used in order to solve such limited problem. They avoid conflicts and jam being connected to external area and environment and captures interaction of the vehicles through Traffic Cyber-Physical System via distributed processing to provide integrated viewpoint in order to warn the accident risk in advance and support the driver to run a vehicle safely. In addition, they integrate the parts information and use the network, embedded sensors, computer database and real time communication which are perfectly suitable to the traffic infrastructure including physical elements such as the status around the road. They also provide the current knowledge based on traffic cyber-physical system with integrated online system modeling and tools by integrating the basic theory of the elements and cyber and physical process [8].

Wan et al. proposed vehicular cyber-physical systems (VCPS) and mobile cloud computing (MCC), integration architecture (VCMIA) to support an intelligent traffic system and cloud service for smooth traffic by integrating interactions between VCPS and MCC. Geographic information is provided through geographic information system (GIS) and the maintenance service of the vehicle is verified by vehicle maintenance service (VMS). VCPS verifies an application for improved traffic safety and driving and provides GIS through integrated recognition mobile. It also shares the entertainment resources and safety information of the driver and passengers through VANET vehicle cluster. It also delivers the accident information to the near drivers promptly when an accident took place. Macro layer controls all types of services through the service center to provide high quality services [9].

System considerations for accident management

s-ITSF authentication

User authentication is essentially needed in order to utilize s-ITSF. The health condition of the user shall be checked and driving the vehicle shall be limited through user authentication. User will be transmit the availability of driving to TADC. In the Fig. 2, it provides the confidentiality through encryption and authentication scheme with an enhanced security function which will be implemented in Man in the Middle Attack (MITM). Table 1 describes the acronyms which are used in authentication of s-ITSF.

Step 1 : 

User, authentication procedure requests authentication providing vehicle, vehicle with UHD _U together with T ₁ , a time parameter of user

Step 2 : 

UHD _U , authenticated value and M _V which shows a possibility of driving should be encrypted through user’s individual key, PR _U to authenticate by transmitting E (PRU, [M _V||UHD _U||T ₁])

Step 3 : 

Transmits the user’s conditions and possibility of driving E (PU _T, [M _V||UHD _U]) to TADC encrypting authenticated UHD _U and M _V to an open key, PU _R

Step 4 : 

TADC requests VEH to inform VD _VEH and T ₂ , time parameter for authentication of vehicle after user authentication

Step 5 : 

Authenticates by transmitting the vehicle information, E (PR _U, [PU _U||Request||VD _VEH|| T ₂]) including VD _VEH and T ₂, by encrypting to vehicle’s individual key, PR _U

Step 6 : 

TADC delivers the encrypted information E (PU _U||M _V||M _VEH), Driving possible/impossible information and Vehicle states information to the driver all information encrypted by PU _U

Step 7 : 

User delivers E (PU _U||V _VEH), the authenticated vehicle information, VD _VEH to TADC

Notation	Description
USR	User
VEH	Vehicle
TADC	Transportation/accident database center
PR/PU	Private key/public key
UHD/VD	User health data/vehicle data
MV	Driving possible/impossible message
MVEH	Vehicle state data

s-ITSF service scenario

This section proposed s-ITSF for an efficient and systematic accident management. The configuration of s-ITSF, a framework proposed by this paper is shown in Fig. 3 when an accident occurs.

Traffic jam, time and economic loss and additional damage occurs due to traffic accident in ITS environment. This paper has used the method of Fig. 4 in order to solve such problem. When an accident occurs after detecting an accident, it informs the accident status by transmitting the accident information to TADC. AMC provides a service applicable by classifying the accident according to the levels defined through the accident information collected.

Performance analysis of s-ITSF

s-ITSF provides not only prevention of accident but also a prompt and systematic action through the management after accident. Above all, active processing is needed for settlement of accident. The existing research manages an accident but does not manage it systematically manage the occurrence to settlement. On the other hand, the proposed s-ITSF provides an active accident management in overall steps from occurrence to settlement based on VCC. Traffic prevention/management processing, the existing research mainly focus on prevention of traffic jam and accident but do not provide a sufficient action after accident. s-ITSF is a system which prevents an accident by classifying and managing the whole situation of the traffic accident through TADC, AMC and AMO. Data authentication provides the authentication of the user’s vehicle and confidentiality and integrity through encryption with TADC. The previous researches lack the security function for the health information shared since it provides only accident management service. On the other hand, s-ITSF may provide a higher reliable service through encryption of health information shared and authentication of user and vehicle.